We’re pleased to bring you a thought provoking post from Dr. Sunanda Bharti, on the ‘Make in India’ trademark. In this post, Sunanda examines the now famous ‘Make in India’ mark and raises the question of whether it actually acts more like a certification trademark. Sunanda is an Assistant Professor in Law at Delhi University and has written several guest posts for us, which can be viewed here.
What Kind of Trademark is ‘Make in India’? A Brief Academic Inquiry
Dr. Sunanda Bharti
The definition of ‘trademark’ under section 2(1)(zb) of the Trademarks Act, 1999 includes Certification Trademarks (CTMs). At the same time, they are separately defined in section 2(1)(e). This is because though CTMs are trademarks (to be used in respect of goods/services, in course of trade), they differ from ordinary TMs in many essential characteristics.
The purpose of the present post is to briefly analyse the nature of the ‘Make in India’ TM, which is registered as a device trademark as a multiclass application in Classes 9, 16, 18, 25, 28, 35, 38, 41 and 42. The author maintains that though the mark is registered as an ordinary TM —it ends up displaying many features of a certification mark. It’s prominent presence on the carousel of the website of the Board of Indian Standards, that owns/manages certification TMs in India, confounds the curiosity surrounding the nature of this strange TM. The following may offer some insight:
The Necessary Background
‘Make in India’ initiative was launched on 25th September 2014 to achieve the following three objectives: (1) to increase the growth rate of the manufacturing sector; (2) to create additional manufacturing jobs in the economy; and (3) to ensure that the manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP is increased. To achieve this, the ‘Make in India’ initiative targeted 25 economic sectors. The idea was to encourage more and more foreign companies to manufacture their products in India.
The Logo
To achieve the above end, Make in India initiative was given a face in the form of a logo, which is a silhouette of a lion on the move. It is made of cogs and symbolises manufacturing. It is registered as a device mark with trademark application number 2829230, owned by Secretary, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion [DIPP], Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
The Confusion
One fundamental benefit of registering a TM is that it ‘gives to the registered proprietor of the trade mark the exclusive right to use the trade mark in relation to the goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered’. In ordinary understanding, this implies that the proprietor of the TM is supplying the market with some goods and/or services, in course of trade.
It is to be noted that though ‘Make in India’ is a registered TM—there are no goods and services provided by the Government of India under that TM. Instead, the mark is available, upon prior approval, to be put on any good manufactured in India or any service generated to cater to the stated 25 manufacturing sectors in India.
Purpose of Certification TM versus ‘Make in India’ TM: Additionally, it is also worth appreciating that ‘the purpose of a certification trade mark is to show that the goods or services in respect of which the mark is used have been certified by some competent person in respect of certain characteristics such as origin, mode of manufacture, quality etc.’
Given the above understanding, the function that ‘Make in India’ TM ends up performing, is very close to that of a certification mark. This is because unlike an ordinary trademark, it does not indicate origin by identifying the manufacturer, producer or provider of the goods or services. Instead, it conveys the message that the goods or services (on which the Lion device mark has been put) have been examined or in some way certified by the GOI (that does not trade in those goods or provide the services) to have been manufactured in India.
The very presence of ‘Make in India’ TM on a product or service is likely to give the consumer the assurance and confidence that the product has been manufactured in India, which may be key in their decision on whether to purchase a particular product/service or not. It is the submission of the author that just as a certification mark, the ‘Make in India’ mark is open to be used by various manufacturers/service providers (as per guidelines) to indicate that their products and services have certain characteristics—such as, in this case, presence of the mark would indicate that the product has been manufactured in India, with Indian resources, manpower etc; that it has contributed somehow to the growth of the Indian economy; that it has generated employment for India; that it facilitates a step closer to the achievement of ‘Aatmnirbhar Bharat’ and so on.
GOI does not trade in goods or provide the services on which ‘Make in India’ is supposed to be put: This reality is aligned with yet another feature typical of a Certification TM–section 70 of the TMA, 1999 provides that ‘a mark shall not be registrable as a certification trade mark in the name of a person who carries on a trade in goods of the kind certified or a trade of the provision of services of the kind certified.
Requirement of Regulations to enable use of the mark: Let us look briefly at what a typical certification mark aims at. ‘ISO, for instance, is registered under the TMA, 1999 (Trademark Application Number: 1754613) and owned by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and is a certification trademark—and its TM registration certificate expressly says so.
It is registered in class 16, which means its managing/certifying body, that is BIS, can certify whether ‘Paper and cardboard; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery and office requisites etc have been made as per the standards acceptable to BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards).
The use of ISO trademark, being a certification TM is regulated in a unique manner, as required by the TMA, 1999—which requires (u/s74) that the proprietor of the concerned mark must file, with the TM Registry, regulations governing use of that certification trade mark. These regulations detail the situations in which the proprietor is to certify goods/services and authorise the use of the certification trade mark.
In a very similar fashion, the Government of India regulates the use of ‘Make in India’ TM. The Government of India has also provided the procedure for grant of permission for the use of ‘Make in India’ logo. A committee has been constituted for the purpose by the government to examine the requests (to use the logo) and obtain the approval of Secretary (DIPP). The website says that barring a few cases (in which no permission is required to use the Make in India logo—like all establishments, offices and officers of the DIPP, Government of India. etc), each case is to be considered on its merits, keeping in view the visibility, impact and how it advances the Make in India cause.
In Conclusion
The above discussion clearly shows that the ‘Make in India’ TM is (sort of) sui generis in its nature and impact. Technically, it is neither completely here nor there, and as IP scholars, it is important for us to take cognisance of that.
Postscript: It is worth mentioning that in India, there are a few marks which are mandatorily required to be put on products but are not classified as certification marks. They are not trademarks either but function more as informatory labels–like the toxicity label (under the Insecticides Rules, 1971) which identifies the level of toxicity of pesticides (see picture for reference/source)
Whether the ‘Make in India’ logo is merely an instructive mark and yet registered as a TM [?] is a food for thought for us to ponder upon. I invite your valuable comments on that.
Thanks for this profound take on this matter. I though cannot fathom why “Make in India” and not “Made in India”? We used to have electronics (in another age) “Made in Japan”, cars “Made in Germany” etc. indicating origin of the product to a country. Intended to assure of some quality. Grammatically “Make” would be a request or order to do something, whereas “Made” would act like a qualitative adjective. The former would make sense only to people who are aware of PM’s slogan, the latter to everyone in India or abroad.
PS. We also used to have stuff marked “Made in India” as well. It somehow used to make me proud.
Yes, Gairik Ghosh being deeply interested in trademarks, I find this mark to be confusing and amusing at the same time. The play of ‘made’ and ‘make’ is one of its amusing aspects. So is its innate nature–the way it has been projected to be used and registered etc.
The Trademark MAKE IN INDIA was filed on the basis of user of 25 days. Was it really used in Commerce by the applicant namely Secretary, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. I agree with Mr. G Ghosh when he says “Grammatically “Make” would be a request or order to do something, whereas “Made” would act like a qualitative adjective.”
Mohan Vidhani, it is still not being used in the way a TM is required to be ‘used’ under the current TM laws. I wonder if it was ever meant to be used in relation to any goods or services and that is why I submit that it is merely an informative mark–no goods or services are being produced or sold under it in my knowledge and understanding.